The relationship between cannabis use and mental health disorder

The relationship between cannabis use and mental health disorder Abstract This assignment evaluates the relationship between cannabis use and mental health disorder related to it in Australia. Recent national data reflects that cannabis use was at its peak in 1998 when over 60% of people aged 20-29 were reported having used cannabis. Since then various studies have found co relation between cannabis use causing no mental health issues and cannabis use causing schizophrenia and psychosis. Recent studies have found that cannabis is recognized in Australia as the third most prevalent drug of dependence following alcohol and tobacco. About 10% of people who try cannabis will develop dependence at some point in their life. Studies have found relationship between weekly frequency of cannabis use and mental illness such particularly psychosis, schizophrenia, anxiety and depression (www.mhca.org.au). Introduction Cannabis is a plant contains a psychoactive molecule that produces a high associated with this drug. The psychoactive product contains dried flowers and leaves of plants selected to produce high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (www.dictionary.com). There is a significant and growing research on the relationship between mental illness and cannabis use in Australia. The evidence supports the association between mental illness and regular cannabis use. The evidence states that regular cannabis use from young age will increases the risk of mental illness since there is genetic vulnerability to psychosis being which can be triggered by cannabis use. Evidence shows that cannabis use facilitates schizophrenia in people who have family history of mental illnesses. The average first use of cannabis users is now 14.9 years. This is of a very important concern in Australia as this is the age at which there are psychological changes in brain. Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind in gene ric psychiatric term for a mental state is often described as a loss of contact with the reality. This disorder can disable the normal functioning of the brain. This malfunction in brain causes people with elevated risk of death by suicide. Thus it is important to analyse the evidence carefully in order to make conclusions and recommendations (Hall et al, 2004). Relationship between Mental Illness and Cannabis. Certain pockets of Australian population consume cannabis in form of heating or ignition combined with inhalation of smoke or oral consumption of the plant itself mixed into a food medium. The other way that individuals consume cannabis is by vaporization, which causes the active ingredients to evaporate into gas without burning the plant material. This is generally done by boiling the ingredients of cannabis plant. Once these vapours are inhaled, it produces various short term and long term effects. The short term effects range from sleepiness, difficulty keeping track of time, impaired or reduced short term memory. In my general practice I have observed that the patients consuming high amount of cannabis find it hard to communicate and focus. They are generally slower to react and have increased heart rate, heart palpitations and show signs of psychological dependence on cannabis drug consumption. Their reasons for addiction generally range from recreational purposes and sometimes to escape their present hardships in life (Personal Communication, Clinical Placement, 2010). Evidence shown by scientific research shows that potential harm of cannabis use is generally and especially in vulnerable groups such as Aboriginal, young people, people belonging to poor socio economic background. The habit starts from peer pressure and gradually becomes an addiction. Rates of cannabis use by people with mental illness such as anxiety and depression also show heavy use of cannabis use.(Castle, 2004) The self medication hypothesis states that people experiencing signs of mental health disorder consume cannabis in order to alleviate or increase symptoms. There have been longitudinal studies to determine whether the mental illness is related to cannabis use. The hypothesis covers two scenarios -that cannabis initiates mental disorder that were previously lying inactive and that cannabis causes mental health illness who would not otherwise develop them. Thus research has been conducted on biological mechanisms such as effects of cannabis on brain chemistry and its effects on people without genetic predisposition to mental illness. Other social effects are taken into consideration when researching on cannabis users exposed to factors such as poor mental health, substance using peers, school dropout, unemployment and crime. It is a difficult to justify the effects of cannabis on an individual if many variables co exist both for the cannabis user and people with other social vulnerabil ities including family difficulties. Thus it is possible that there is a common genetic factor that predisposes individuals to cannabis use and mental illness (Patton et al, 2002). According to DSouza et al (2004) there is little dispute that cannabis can produce short term recurrences of pre existing psychotic symptoms. However there is no evidence relating to the fact that cannabis actually causes schizophrenia or other psychotic illness in long term (Johns, 2001). Research also shows that cannabis can also amplify a pre existing thought in an individual. These thoughts tend to overwhelm the individual causing severe reactions by individuals including suicide and self harm in extreme cases. In order for ascertain the research Hill (1965) states that following criteria must be met: Strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, coherence and plausibility. Every case needs to support each criteria to make the hypothesis stronger. Relationship between Cannabis consumption and Psychosis A recent study conducted by Hldes et al (2006) states that there is a two way relationship between psychosis and cannabis which states that regular use of cannabis is associated with higher risk of psychotic relapse. Many longitudinal studies have found that the mental illness particularly psychosis leads to increased use of cannabis. Research conducted by Hall et al (2004) states that most common symptoms related to the individuals with psychosis smoking cannabis were sudden confusion which were generally related to delusions and hallucinations. Their emotional state became unstable and showed signs of paranoid symptoms. These findings have been supported by individuals suggesting that they took large doses of cannabis product. Most of these people had no family history of psychosis. Their symptoms were gone once the individuals stopped their cannabis intake. These symptoms were seen back within days once the individuals started cannabis consumption again. Thus this evidence supports the hypothesis that the regular use of cannabis increases chances of psychosis in an individual. On the other hand the other hypothesis can be argued that cannabis intake does not support psychosis. There have been number of studies conducted that have compared people with people who have mental illness post cannabis use and who have developed mental illness prior to cannabis consumption. There is always a little variation in the results. According to Mental health council of Australia, there have been number of researches that have been conducted investigating the cannabis use among individuals with psychotic disorders and found that they were not significantly different from the general population. A range of motive can be grouped into following four categories: coping with unpleasant affect (to relieve emotional distress), enhancement (to have fun), social interaction (to affiliate with others), confirming (to fit in) (www.mhca.org.au) The evidence obtained shows that the first two tend to be heavy cannabis consumers and the later two are just recreational. The first two consume cannabis to relieve themselves from emotional distress, psychotic symptoms and medication side effects which lead them to consume heavy amounts of cannabis in order to feel that state of mind and emotion. People with psychosis initially use substance to change their emotional state and facilitate social contact. They then develop dependence on this substance stating, If I dont smoke then I will not be able to cope. These individuals then have belief that cannabis is the only way out thus worsening their psyche and this will lead to worsening cannabis dependence (Spence in Castle and Murray, 2004) Conclusion Various cases and individual analysis state that there is a strong connection between cannabis consumption and psychosis. The hypothesis states individuals consuming cannabis have developed symptoms of psychosis and these individuals have normalised once they stopped consuming cannabis. Thus, there is some evidence that suggest that cannabis consumption will impact the psyche of an individual but these findings are inconclusive at this stage as it fails to take into consideration other variables such as socioeconomic background, mental state, lack of family and community support. Relationship between Cannabis Consumption and Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness caused by disintegration of thinking process and disorientated emotional response. It usually consists of hallucinations, paranoid, disorganized speech and thinking process with social and occupational dysfunction, withdrawal from reality, social apathy (www.dictionary.com) According to research by Mental Health Council of Australia relationship between Schizophrenia and cannabis use is growing though by no means comprehensive. Schizophrenia affects one percent of the Australian population. Smaller but substantial bodies of research exist such as depression and anxiety. In some cases, Schizophrenic patients had previous symptoms of psychotic illness (Hall et al, 2004). In research conducted on 100 young people consuming high amount of cannabis, 49% male with an average age of 19.3 years were identified at ultra high risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia was the symptom with presence of other acute psychotic symptoms. This research is very difficult due to the fact that there are many variables that co exist both cannabis users with mental health illness and non cannabis users with mental health difficulties have similar behavioural problem. Most of them have substance abuse history, unemployment and life time on benefits past. It can be possible that these are the common genetic factors in both cannabis users with mental health issues and non cannabis users with mental health issues (www.mhca.org.au). Longitudinal studies show that continuous cannabis consumption in people with schizophrenia is associated with worse mental health outcome in terms of more severe symptoms and thus there is a greater chance of relapse and more psychosocial issues. Thus frequent cannabis use is associated with a higher risk of psychotic relapse and a more increased risk of cannabis relapse (Hides et al, 2006). Studies conducted by Arsenault et al, (2004) cite cross national surveys from USA, Netherlands and USA found rates of cannabis consumption among people with Schizophrenia was double than those of general population. Thus following conclusions were derived from these findings: Evidence of self medication of cannabis because of pre existing Schizophrenia due to the mental health issues caused by schizophrenia related to negative symptoms may be a factor in continuous Cannabis consumption. There have been consistent longitudinal studies stating that cannabis precipitates schizophrenia and many other psychosis related symptoms in people who are vulnerable because of their family background. The rate of schizophrenia has remained stable or decreased with increases in cannabis use over the past few decades. Overall longitudinal studies conducted by Nemesis study from Holland and New Zealand have made these findings that conclude that cannabis can be considered a casual factor in schizophrenia. Research has found that alleged increases in cannabis use over past two decades have not affected increase in rate of schizophrenia. However vast number of people who consume cannabis have not developed schizophrenia and vast number of people who have schizophrenia have n ot got schizophrenia because of their cannabis consumption (Degenhardt et al, 2004). Conclusion Cannabis consumption may affect small percentage of population that is vulnerable socially and mentally. The pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress has manifested by a need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect. That effect is then reduced by continuous use of the same amount of substance. Individuals then consume larger amount of substance to achieve that similar feeling and these persistent efforts start to affect the psyche of the individuals. Schizophrenia is more prevalent in individuals with poor socio economic background and history of substance abuse. Cannabis causes changes in neurotransmitter systems that make depressed mood more likely but greater evidence supports that this problem is due to individual behaviour pattern. Evidence from both hypotheses is limited and there needs to be well designed longitudinal studies including studies that examine cannabis use on older Australians to furt her narrow the relation between cannabis use and schizophrenia (Degenhardt et al, 2004).

Dangers Behavior Exposed in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesma

Dangers Behavior Exposed in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Everyone has personal problems that they must face. In the play, Death of a Salesman, the author, Arthur Miller, explores the ways in which some people deal with these problems. Miller reveals Willy Lowman’s tendency to ignore problems as long as possible.   Willy never really does anything to help his situation; he just uses flashbacks to escape into the past.  Ã‚   Through his flashbacks he returns to happier times when problems were scarce. He uses this escape mechanism as if it were a harmless drug that allowed him to cope with living. As the play progresses, the reader learns that even a harmless drug can be dangerous because of the potential for addiction. The first time Willy is seen lapsing off into the past is when he encounters Biff after arriving home. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy's disappointment in Biff and what he has become - a bum. After failing to deal adequately with his feelings, he escapes back into a time when things were better for his family. It is not uncommon for someone experiencing a low point in life to reminisce about better times.   This enables him to rouse himself so that he can deal with the problems he encounters in the present. Willy Lowman takes it one step further. His refusal to accept reality is so strong that, in his mind, he is transported back in time to relive the happier days of his life. It was a time when Willy and Linda were younger, no one argued, the financial situation was less of a burden, and Biff and Happy enthusiastically welcomed their father back home from long road trips. After a flashback, Willy's need for the "drug" is satiated and he is reassured that ev erything will turn out okay, and th... ...and disillusioned sons. Works Cited Field, B.S.   â€Å"Death of a Salesman† Twentieth Century Literature.   January, 1972. 19-24.   Rpt. in World Literary Criticism.   Ed. Frank Magill.    â€Å"Arthur Miller† Detroit: Gale Research, 1992.   2366-2368. Hoeveler, D. J.   â€Å"Ben’s Influence.†Ã‚   Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman: Modern Critical Interpretations.   Ed. Harold Blum.   Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1988. 72-81. Magill, Frank.   â€Å"Death of a Salesman.†Ã‚   Master Plots.   Englewood Cliffs: Salem, 1976.   1365-1368. Miller, Arthur.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Penguin, 1969. ---.   Conversations With Arthur Miller.   Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1987. Parker, Brian.   â€Å"Point of View in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman.†Ã‚   Arthur Miller: A Collection of Critical Essays.   Ed. Robert Corrigan.   Englewood Cliffs:   Prentice Hall, 1969.   98-107.

Response Essay

Response Essay In reading the three articles, â€Å"From Degrading to De-Grading† by Alfie Kohn, â€Å"And Now He is Nothing† by Michael Specter and â€Å"Dilma Rousseff† by Simon Romero my impressions of each article varies from one of unbelief to affirmation. As compelling as the ideology of not grading is, the practicality of implementation would be enormous. The assumption that Lance Armstrong is now nothing can it really be so easily dismissed? Finally, Dilma Rousseff rise to power as a right of previous wrongs remains to be seen; each writer conveying a very persuasive argument.I embrace Alfie Kohn’s ideology that by grading a student’s work one actually hinders the process of learning. Having three school-aged children myself, I see the effect grades have on their mindset. If they do not achieve an â€Å"A† they feel less than their peers. I also have seen instances where they will pick the easiest assignment or not bother to complete extra credit assignments for grading. Therefore, in this regard I do agree that grading does play a factor in their learning experience.However, the practicality of overcoming the mindset of a nation of people is a daunting task that may very well take years to persuade. As much as I may agree with Mr. Kohn’s ideology, I do not see this becoming mainstreamed within the educational system any time in the near future. His ideology would have to be fully embraced by the educational system for steps of improvement in grading students to take hold. This may very well take a grass roots effort from the parents and citizens themselves before ideology could be changed, which would take much time in educating the public on this subject.As much as I personally would love to see this type of learning be prevalent within our educational system I do not see it happening in my lifetime. One can only hope. Such as the case with Lance Armstrong, our hopes in him as a nation were dashed with the admission of doping. As with many of our athletes, it is always a disappointment when news of their achievement is eroded by one form of cheating or another. His achievements are outstanding and his passion and dedication for bicycling is inspiring, especially having overcome the dread of cancer.We are always looking to others to motivate us, or inspire us to do more than we think we are capable of doing, which is what makes his admission so painful. I agree that I was shocked by the news, but is the punishment truly warranted; to remove all seven of his Tour de France victories? I don’t believe it is warranted, neither can it be proven as he had been tested numerous times over the years and never tested positive. An admission alone is not proof enough and should not warrant such an ardent punishment. Although I agree with the writer’s disappointment I do not agree with striping him of all his wins.People are not always what you think they are. As with Dilma Rousse ff, the darling of the Brazilian government, her rags to riches story is compelling. While I applaud Ms. Rousseff’s accomplishments, it remains to be seen if she in fact will be the savior of her country or the start of its demise. Her ideology that government can fix all the economic problems by stimulating the economy with stimulus packages in my opinion is just a temporary fix. Just as we have seen in our own country with the bank bailouts and the loans to the automotive corporations has only delayed the effects of a slumped economy.The promise that better days are ahead remains exactly that, somewhere over the horizon. Do I feel that it is wrong for the government to stimulate the economy, no, but neither do I believe that the government is our savior. This world’s economy is such a delicate balancing act that anything outside of your own four walls can ultimately be your downfall. Each article evokes a different response from the wish of a complete overhaul of our educational system, to our hopes dashed by choices made by one of our star athletes, to skepticism of big brother being our fix all.As much as I agree with the ideology of De-Grading the implementation would be difficult at best. Armstrong’s rise to fame and demise is one that will be remembered for years by those for and against the ruling levied against him. Finally, everyone loves the underdog such as the case with Ms. Rousseff but it remains to be seen if her ideology of government intervention is truly the best approach for Brazil’s economic future. In conclusion, I would more than likely read more articles written by these writers because of their ability to persuade and keep the attention of the reader.

No Religion or School Prayer in Public Schools Essay

The separation of the church and the state has been debated since the birth of this nation. In 1789 when the Constitution was adopted, the separation of church and state issue focused on preventing a government mandated religion (Davis 245). The framers of the Constitution knew first hand the harmful consequences of a government that has complete control over religion. Protecting the religious freedoms of the various religions seeking refuge in America also raised great concern. Each religion s hould be given the same rights when practicing their beliefs. For these reasons, the First Amendment of hte Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. This amendment denies the government any involvement with religion and allows†¦show more content†¦The First Amendment clearly establishes that there exists a wall of separation between the church and state (Leinwand 296A). A loose interpretation that would permit cracks in this wall cannot be tolerated. Any attempt of t he government to either favor or discourage a religion should be found unconstitutional by the court system. Over the years the Supreme Court has contributed a long list of precedents for cases dealing with religion in the public school system. These decisions have more clearly defined religions limitations within the boundaries of the school. One of t he earliest cases which effectively maintained the separation of church and state was Everson v. Board of Education in 1947. The case questioned the right of the state of New Jersey to use tax funds to bus children to both public schools and priv ate religious schools (Gay 27). The ruling found any involvement of the government with religiously oriented activities or institutions in direct violation of the First Amendment. In his majority ruling, Justice Hugo Black emphasized that the First Amen dment prohibited the government from passing laws that would promote or support with tax funds any or all religions (Gaddy 182). In this case, the court system clearly saw the threat to religious freedom that could arise if the government is capable of f inancially supporting or avidly promoting anyShow MoreRelated Religion and School Prayer in Public Schools Essays1853 Words   |  8 Pagespractice the same religion, Americas first legislators made certain that government intervention in religious matters was prohibited. Therefore, religious freedom was ensured in the First Amendment to the Constitution, as it states, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . . (Whitehead, Rights 49). This statement allowed Americans to f reely express and practice or chose not to practice a religion. The two distinct partsRead More Religion and Prayer in Public Schools Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesReligion in Public Schools    The practice of religion has been a major factor in American culture for centuries. The religion clause of the First Amendment, which states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, was developed to preserve the freedom of religion (Haynes 2). The religion clause was designed to protect religion from the control of the government, but, consequently, it restricts the expression of religionRead More Religion and Prayer Must Not be Permitted in Public School Essay1823 Words   |  8 Pagesthe inability to practice a desired religion or not to practice one at all. Since the newly formed country was made up of people from more than one religious background, the government had to come up with a way to accommodate all of its citizens. Understanding the countrys diversity, the writers of the Constitution of the United States of America included in the First Amendment the words, Congress shall make no law respect ing the establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise therofRead MoreThe Constitutionality of Prayer in Public Schools Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesMany people agree against prayer in public schools, while others think that people should be able to express their religion in their own ways. In public schools, they are not allowed to hold prayers at all during the school day due to the mixed religion students that are attending the school. Over the past few years, this has become an extremely controversial issue in our nation. Many people find it proper to pray in school but many people also agree that it is extremely wrong and that if thereRead MoreEssay on Prayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools1727 Words   |  7 PagesPrayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. The issue of school prayer is about whether the public school systems should let the students pray, at the start of the school day, as a class. The issue of school prayer began in the late sixteenth century when people in England did not approve of the way one religion was forced upon them, so the Puritans, known as the Pilgrims decided to come to the colonies. Even in the colonies theRead MorePrayer in Public Schools Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pages The United States has continued to be a country where religion plays a major role in the lives of American citizens. Depending on the type of school students attend, organized prayer is mandatory, allowed, or banned. In the United States, organized prayer in public schools is prohibited because it goes against the Constitution’s separation of church and state (Jinkins 123). The United States promises religious freedom, but is yet to define the degree and li mitation of that liberty. However, AmericanRead More Prevent Coercive Prayer In Public Schools Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages Prevent Coercive Prayer in Public Schools The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America reads: quot;Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.quot; This amendment, commonly called the Establishment Clause, forms the foundation of the right of every American to practice their chosen religion freely and without the interference of the government. In 1947, the Supreme Court issued a statement emphasizingRead MorePublic Schools Should Not Be The Place For Religious Practices1601 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the many foundations of the United States as a nation was religion. When people fled their homes in search of a new place, one of the many reasons was due to religious freedom. Almost immediately conflicts arose between religions, and their belief systems. No problems seem to arise with teaching religion to children in school until the 1900 s. That is when the courts decided religious instructions in public schools would be deemed unconstitutional. Court cases started around the country withRead MoreThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 PagesCentury and into the 21st, school prayer has been the focal point of an ongoing debate about the position of religion in American civilization. The question of the legality of prayer in public schools brings together a number of important notions in American gover nment and legal philosophy. Opponents and proponents of school prayer set forth their arguments in such major constitutional issues as the separation of church and state, the right to free exercise of religion, and the respective powersRead MorePrayer in School Essay example1375 Words   |  6 Pagesthough public schools today are without school prayer, most schools have replaced prayer, with a Silent moment of reflection. Also, the assumption if there is a God or not is a big question as well. I think prayer should be re-instated into schools, because children should be able to express religion freely. I also feel that lack of discipline; youth pregnancy, dropouts, and violence in schools are other issues that can be more controllable if there were religious classes and school prayer. Public

Analysis of Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass,...

Analysis of Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave In Modern day America, the thought of slavery is horrifying. It is a dark chapter in the American history and should be fought against at all costs now. However, American used to know the reality of the atrocities that occurred on various southern plantations. Its because of slave narratives that the American people have come to realize the inhumane nature of slavery and thus, that led to political activism. One Slave that helped spread awareness of slavery in the united states was Frederick Douglass â€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass†. Due to his extraordinary use of figurative language to help support his argument. Douglass succeeds in arguing his†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"He that knoweth his master’s will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many stripes.† (33) He is discussing his masters justification for beating a young slave several times. Although Frederick Douglass is not citing anything directly from the bible that condones slavery , his allusions to the bible and the way he collocates the passage with the cruel actions of his master draws a shocking picture in the audiences minds.Frederick Douglass presents the contrast between a biblical quote, Usually used when a worker disobeys the orders of his master, thereby showing the audience that souvenirs are wrong using the bible to justify their atrocious actions. Its due to these allusions that Frederick Douglass adds another layer of credibility to his argument and thus, persuades the audience that there is no religious justification for slavery. In addition, Frederick Douglass uses Imagery to explicate and argue his main claim. Imagery is a visually descriptive language. The â€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass† contains vivid imagery that affects the reader somehow. One example of Imagery is when Douglass describes his aunt getting whipped and how it affected him. He wrote, â€Å"The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush; and not until overcome by fatigue, would he cease to swing theShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Strategies in Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Learning to Read† Published in 1845, Frederick Douglass’s autobiography, â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave†, is a historical account of his life that told of the challenges and obstacles that plagued the lives of slaves in pursuing freedom from injustice and persecution from white wealthy slaveowners. In particular, an excerpt titled â€Å"Learning to Read† shines a light on the tragic reality African Americans lived in every day duringRead MoreEssay about Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass893 Words   |  4 Pages1845, ‘Narrative of life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself’ is still the most highly acclaimed American autobiography ever written. It was published seven years after Douglass escaped from his life as a slave in Maryland. It describes his experience of being slave and his psychological insights into the slave-master relationship. The main focus is on ‘How he learn to read and write †˜and ‘the pain of slavery.’ The goal of this paper is to bring more insight analysis of hisRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Boxill, Bernard. Frederick Douglass’s Patriotism. Journal of Ethics 13.4 (2009): 301-317. EBSCO. Web. 19 Oct 2015. Bernard argues that Frederick Douglass always was a patriot even throughout slavery. He states that most Americans are patriots even if they do not agree with the politics, but rather just a love for their country. It talks about Americans who give selfless amounts of time toward the improvement of America. Buccola, Nicholas. Each for All and All for Each:Read MoreJacobs Douglass: An Insight Into The Experience of The American Slave1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe slave narratives of the ante-bellum time period have come across numerous types of themes. Much of the work concentrates on the underlining ideas beneath the stories. In the narratives, fugitives and ex-slaves appealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl themes come from the existenceRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass After escaping from slavery, Frederick Bailey changed his name to Frederick Douglass and became a prominent speaker in the abolitionist movement. He was so eloquent that proslavery opponents charged him with being a fraud who had never been a slave and challenged him to reveal the true facts of his life. Such an account was dangerous for Douglass, who could have been captured and returned to slavery for life, but he proceededRead MoreKey Arguments in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1154 Words   |  5 Pagesarguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. A few of which include inequality, education, and Christianity as the keys to freedom in terms of its true values within the institution of slavery. While Frederick Douglass made some key arguments, he also made common ground to make his appeal for the abolition of slavery. One of the key arguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† as well as in other narratives about slaves is inequality. Douglass attempts to showRead MoreEducation as a Reflection of Social Values in Langston Hughes One Friday Morning and Frederick Douglass Learning to Read and Write1632 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues is one of the predominant themes in both Langston Hughes short story, One Friday Morning, as well as Frederick Douglass Learning to Read and Write, the latter of which is actually the seventh chapter of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. A plethora of similarities exist between these works, both of which include the education of an African American protagonist, the aid of Irish benefactors, and social conventions that seek to prevent both of the aforementionedRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreSlaves Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesSojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano all have extremely interesting slave narratives. During their lives, they faced plenty of racist discrimination and troubling moments. They were all forced into slavery at an awfully young age and they all had to fight for their freedom. In 1797, Truth was born into slavery in New York with the name of Isabella Van Wagener. She was a slave for most of her l ife and eventually got emancipated. Truth was an immense women’s suffrage activist. 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Should Weight Loss Supplement Advertisements Be Banned

Should Weight Loss Supplement Advertisements be Banned? We live in a world where the mass media are incessantly influencing people to look a certain way. Advertisers persuade us that a slender figure is the only accepted body shape. They make us feel horrible about ourselves and urge us to take considerable measures. This is done by advertising tons of weight loss supplements, which will apparently help us have the same shape we saw on TV or in magazines. Should we really be manipulated to buy those supplements? It is very arguable whether these supplements work or not, but we should definitely not let the advertising industry control our thinking. Banning these weight loss supplement advertisements would help some people, especially young adults, celebrities, and athletes, to choose healthier options of losing weight and to be confident about their body shapes. These advertisements about weight loss supplements are not the solution to healthily losing weight. The advertising industr y tricks us into buying these supplements, but they do not reveal all the side effects they bring along. An article written by Triplett shows how much money is spent annually in the weight loss supplements’ business in the United States. Triplett states, â€Å"Americans spend at least $16 billion a year on nearly 30,000 kinds of dietary supplements, most of which seem safe† (Triplett). But, not all of dietary supplements are as safe as advertisements claim them to be. Unlike over-the counterShow MoreRelated Regulating Dietary Supplements Essay2107 Words   |  9 Pagestake vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other supplements (Schardt 2). Due to media advertising, dietary supplements are becoming more popular. Companies compete to have the best supplements. It is said that forty percent of American adults take vitamin supplements and over the counter products, which total in several billion dollars (Farley 2). 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Business Writing National Environment Agency (NEA)

Question: Explain the Business Writing of National Environment Agency (NEA). Answer: Introduction Background As per the facts and figures released by the National Environment Agency (NEA), it has been found that the total quantity of waste generated in Singapore has rose by 159,000 tons in the last year that is around 7.67 million tones[1]. However, it has been found that for the second year running, the total amount of food waste has been decreased slightly. According to the analysts of the NEA, the reason behind increase in the generation of total waste in Singapore is its growing population and affluence. It has also been found that the average quantity of waste generation by each individual has been increased by about 200 kg per year from the year 2000 to 2014[2]. Therefore, the aim of this research study is to decrease the total quantity of wastage production by implementing the process of recycling within the organization Bread talk group limited. The organization Bread talk group limited was founded in the year 2000 and presently, it has 1000 outlets in total 17 locales[3]. Thus, by implementing various wastage reduction strategies like recycling of wastes, the particular company can reduce a certain percentage of total wastes of the country Singapore and therefore, adoption of this strategy can make the environment of the country better. Task/ Purpose The main objective of the proposal is to encourage and promote recycling at the work place. The proposal is to contain ideas that could be practiced in the work place so that wastage could be reduced. The proposal contains the issues and challenges regarding wastage management that the company is facing. This proposal not only identifies problem but also provides achievable solutions to those problems. It also provides details cost benefit analysis in order to establish the viability of the project. The proposal provides that it is the responsibility of the employees to undertake the plans and strategies developed for recycling. The employees are the integral part of the company so if the plan of recycling at work place is to be made successful then employees should be actively involved[4]. It is planned to execute the strategies proposed between the years 2016 to 2018. These two years the proposed ideas will be implemented so that the viability of the strategies is evaluated. The problem of food waste has become very grim in Singapore. In this light of the existing situation, the proposal serves a very important purpose of providing solution to the existing problem of food waste. This solution is provided by outlining plans and strategies that the company with the help of its employees can undertake[5]. Challenges (Problems) Bread Talk limited being a food chain industry is directly contributing to the overall wastage produced in Singapore. In addition, this Bread Talk limited mainly generates around 8000 tonnes of wastage from its 700 retail outlets. Moreover, the management of Bread Talk limited mainly launches a new product each six months, which increases the overall wastage conducted by the company. Some researchers mainly stated that identification of effective wastage reducing strategies could help in decreasing the overall cost of the company[6]. On the other hand, other researcher mentioned that use of effective activity based costing and zero-based costing could help companies to reduce wastage and increase implementation of essential recourses[7]. However, the main challenge that is faced by Bread Talk limited when implementing wastage reducing strategies in their business process is financial liquidity. Being in the food industry the working capital of the company could be negatively affected if costly wastage reduction policies are being implemented. In addition, theses strategies could eventually hamper working capital and reduce productivity of Bread Talk limited. Furthermore, the reduced availability of liquidity is mainly the main challenge that is being faced by the company. Furthermore, Bread Talk limited could implement different wastage management strategies to reduce its cost, which in turn might help in sustaining the required profitability of the company. Solutions Strategy 1: Bread Talk Group Limited will promote re-use campaigning. In this context, the organization needs full support from the partners, customers and clients of the organization. The proposed idea about the awareness campaign will be initiated by running the event-based program where negative environmental impacts shall be displayed and promoted across the people at all levels within the organization. Generating awareness by recycling food and paper, plastic and aluminum cans would not only be beneficial for the Singaporean environment, but it ultimately creates an end product that completes the cycle of the sustainability. (Source: Created by author) Strategy 2 Effective packaging - Wastage can be reduced through effective packaging of goods. As such, the packaged material that is used for the packaging of the food products can be easily destroyed Reusable bags as well as the mailbags can be used for transporting food products to branch offices, shops as well as the warehouses. Consumers have to be motivated to dispose the goods made of plastic as well as aluminum cans in an effective manner or recycle the packaged material for various other uses. These measures shall help the business entity in reducing the wastage of the goods and promoting recycling of paper, plastic and aluminum cans. As such, this would reduce the operational cost and facilitate recycle of wastage products in the context of a business enterprise[8]. Strategy 3 Operational constituents - The cleaners that are less toxic can be used for the manufacturing process. In executing, the daily business functionalities, durable towels, tablecloths, dishes as well as the cups and glasses shall be used which can be easily disposed off. As such, these materials should have to easily discarded or recycled, after these items are no longer usable. Food containers shall be non-aerosol to prevent any harmful damage to the environment. Thus, such food containers shall be easily recycled for other uses[9]. Manpower, Time and Costs: The supports will be provided from the manpower at all organizational level of Bread Talk Group Limited. The waste reduction initiatives taken by the management will be started from the next month of August 15th 2016 to 2018. All such recommended implementation steps shall be practiced throughout the manufacturing process and will sustain over the year. The estimated costs for such waste reduction programs will be $1057500. Initially, the promotional costs will be higher for generating awareness across all departmental parts of the organization. However, it will reduce with time [10]. Budget Cost break down of the individual activities Fiscal Year Benefit Sources 2016 2017 2018 Cost Reduction $700,000 $800,000 $1,000,000 Enhanced Revenues $750,000 $800,000 $900,000 Labor Reduction $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 Decreased Overhead $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 Total Benefits Per Year $1,600,000 $1,750,000 $2,050,000 Confidence Factor 100% 100% 100% Benefits Claimed for Analysis $1,600,000 $1,750,000 $2,050,000 Program Grand Total Benefit $10,575,000 Total cost of implementation of the project - $ 10,575,000Benefit The Company is not entitled to claim any benefit for the initiatives of recycling as this is to be considered as a CSR activity. Recommendations and conclusion The main recommendation and strategies of the company includes doing campaigning, which will help the company to create awareness and build an organic planning for wastage reduction as well as recycling of wastage materials. The company also needs to include use of packaging materials such recycling of the bags. Some of the different types of packing materials includes sugar bag, forest wood and palm leaf. The various types of the containers used for the delivery of the food items should further cleaned on regular basis to ensure the that the they can be used for a longer duration of time and reduction of waste at the same time. Bibliography Bai, Renbi, and Mardina Sutanto. "The practice and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore." Waste management 22.5 (2002): 557-567. Breadtalk.com. (2016). BreadTalk Group - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.breadtalk.com/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Dekker, Rommert, et al., eds. Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Glasziou, Paul, et al. "Reducing waste from incomplete or unusable reports of biomedical research." The Lancet 383.9913 (2014): 267-276. Guerrero, Lilliana Abarca, Ger Maas, and William Hogland. "Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries." Waste management 33.1 (2013): 220-232. Nea.gov.sg. (2016). National Environment Agency. [online] Available at: https://www.nea.gov.sg [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Orji, Ifeyinwa, and Sun Wei. "A detailed calculation model for costing of green manufacturing." Industrial Management Data Systems 116.1 (2016): 65-86. Sec.org.sg. (2016). Singapore Environment Council - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.sec.org.sg [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. Seik, Foo Tuan. "Recycling of domestic waste: early experiences in Singapore." Habitat International 21.3 (1997): 277-289. Victor B. de Souza, Ruy, and Luiz Cesar R. Carpinetti. "A FMEA-based approach to prioritize waste reduction in lean implementation." International Journal of Quality Reliability Management 31.4 (2014): 346-366. [1] Nea.gov.sg. (2016).National Environment Agency. [online] Available at: https://www.nea.gov.sg [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. [2] Sec.org.sg. (2016).Singapore Environment Council - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.sec.org.sg [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. [3] Breadtalk.com. (2016).BreadTalk Group - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.breadtalk.com/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016]. [4] Seik, Foo Tuan. "Recycling of domestic waste: early experiences in Singapore."Habitat International21.3 (1997): 277-289. [5] Bai, Renbi, and Mardina Sutanto. "The practice and challenges of solid waste management in Singapore."Waste management22.5 (2002): 557-567. [6] Guerrero, Lilliana Abarca, Ger Maas, and William Hogland. "Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries."Waste management33.1 (2013): 220-232. [7] Dekker, Rommert, et al., eds.Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. [8] Victor B. de Souza, Ruy, and Luiz Cesar R. Carpinetti. "A FMEA-based approach to prioritize waste reduction in lean implementation." International Journal of Quality Reliability Management 31.4 (2014): 346-366. [9] Williams, Paul T.Waste treatment and disposal. John Wiley Sons, 2013. [10] Orji, Ifeyinwa, and Sun Wei. "A detailed calculation model for costing of green manufacturing." Industrial Management Data Systems 116.1 (2016): 65-86.